• A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in or around your brain. It occurs when a group of cells within the brain turn cancerous and grow out of control, creating a mass
• Brain tumor is a serious condition and it needs earliest medical attention where detailed clinical assessment and relevant investigations are done prior to treatment.

• A pituitary tumor is an abnormal growth in the pituitary gland of the brain. These tumors are noncancerous, but they can interfere with normal pituitary function and cause certain health conditions. Common symptoms in pituitary tumor patient can be.
• • Headache
  • Visual problems

• Hydrocephalus is a condition where there's an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain's ventricles.
• CSF is a clear fluid that circulates within the brain in a fixed quantity. Any alteration with the CSF flow or quantity can lead to hydrocephalus.
• Common symptoms in hydrocephalus can be
• Hydrocephalus can occur in any age group and it can be a serious emergency condition depending on the severity and symptoms.

• Spina bifida is a congenital (birth) defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord and its coverings (meninges) are exposed through a gap in the backbone, often causing paralysis of the lower limbs.
• Common symptoms in spina bifida patient can be:
• • Swelling (mass) at the back of child
  • Hairy patch at the back of child
  • Weakness (paralysis) of legs

• A spinal tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in or around the spinal cord and/or spinal column. It occurs when a group of cells within or around the spinal cord turn cancerous and grow out of control, creating a mass.
• Common symptoms in a spinal tumor patient can be.
• • Backache or Neck pain
  • Weakness/paralysis of leg(s), arm(s) or both
  • Problem with urinary (bladder) control

• A prolapsed or herniated disc occurs when a soft cushion of tissue (intervertebral disc) between the bones (vertebra) in your spine bulges outwards and causes pressure (compression) on the nerve roots
• Common symptoms in disc prolapse can be:
• • Backache or Neck pain
  • Leg(s) or arm(s) pain
  • Numbness in leg(s) or arm(s)

• A spinal fracture, also known as a fractured spine or vertebral fracture, is a break in one or more of the bones (vertebrae) that make up the spinal column.
• Common symptoms in spinal fracture can be.
• • Backache or Neck pain
  • Weakness/paralysis of leg(s), arm(s) or both

• Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramen that results in pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
• This condition is similar to disc prolapse with a few differences like stenosis occurs in older patients and creates problems with walking.
• Early intervention has very good results in spinal stenosis.

• A Chiari malformation is a structural abnormality in the skull that causes part of the brain pushed into the spinal canal causing pressure (compression) at the junction of head and neck.
• Common symptoms in spinal stenosis can be.
• Chiari malformation usually presents in the young patients and needs earliest medical attention to prevent permanent paralysis.

• Trigeminal neuralgia, also called tic douloureux, is a condition that causes intense pain similar to an electric shock on one or both sides of the face.
• Pain can be triggered by eating, chewing, drinking, shaving, washing the face, or even wind.
• While in some cases the exact cause is often unknown (idiopathic)

Most of the brain tumors are treated with surgery first. They may need additional treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. Brain tumor surgery is a specialized and delicate procedure, requiring good preoperative and postoperative management. Brain tumor surgery generally requires opening the cranium/skull (craniotomy) and tumor removal (excision).

Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery has become the gold standard for treating many pituitary tumors due to its safety and effectiveness. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to remove pituitary tumors through the nasal passages and sphenoid sinus. This technique utilizes an endoscope, a thin, tube-like instrument with a camera, to visualize and access the tumor, avoiding the need for traditional incisions on the face or skull.

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a type of surgical treatment for hydrocephalus. VP shunt is placement of a catheter inside the body that drain the excessive fluid (CSF) from the brain to abdomen where it is absorbed, creating an artificial pathway to control CSF volume. VP shunt placement is one of the common procedures in neurosurgery.

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is another type of surgical treatment for hydrocephalus where a neurosurgeon inserts an endoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera) through a small hole in the skull and into the brain's ventricles. It creates a diversion in the pathway of fluid (CSF) in the brain, with the help of an endoscope. ETV can prevent from placing a permanent catheter (VP shunt) in the brain.

Spina bifida surgery is performed as an open surgical procedure under microscope or surgical loupes. This surgery involves reconstruction of the vertebral column, closing the open congenital defect. The goal of the surgery include prevention of infection, protection of spinal cord and addressing potential complications. Spina bifida surgery should be performed as early as possible after its diagnosis.

Surgical excision (removal) is generally required for all kind of spinal tumors. Most procedures for spinal tumor excision require opening up spine at the back and then removal. These procedures may require spinal instrumentation (fixation with screws and rods) in some cases. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible, potentially curing some benign tumors, or to alleviate symptoms like pain and nerve compression in others.

There are multiple surgical options for treatment of spinal disc prolapse. Commonest are Open discectomy or microdiscectomy. Other options are micro-endoscopic, and pure endoscopic. Not all patients can be treated with endoscopy; smaller unilateral disc prolapse is one of the indication. Some patients with spine alignment issues may require spinal instrumentation (fixation with screws and rods) during disc removal surgery.